The Lord does not condone this course of action

I thought it might be informative to post this list. All the below offences are listed in the Book of the Covenant as carrying the death penalty, without compromise or judicial discretion. The Book of the Covenant takes up Exodus 21–23, and takes the form of a report of God's speech to Moses regarding a body of laws, almost immediately following the Ten Commandments. All the quotations are taken from Robert Alter's previously discussed translation.

  • Murdering another, by violence or by cunning. A specific exception is made for what is nowadays called involuntary manslaughter, and another for killing a thief who tunnels into your house by night (but not by day).
  • Kidnapping another, and either selling (into slavery) or being found with the victim.
  • Vilifying one's father or mother (where “vilify” here is a direct antonym to the “honouring” mandated by the Fifth Commandment).
  • Beating a male or female slave so severely that they die under the beating, but not if they die a day or two afterwards.
  • Negligently keeping an ox that is known to be dangerous, if the ox fatally gores a person. There is in this case a possibility for the owner to pay whatever restitution is demanded to save his life, but the ox must still be stoned. If the victim is a slave, there is a fixed penalty of 30 shekels of silver, to be paid to his master, and the ox is still stoned.
  • Witchcraft. (It is unclear whether this includes male sorcerers.)
  • “Whoever lies with a beast is doomed to die.”
  • Abusing (in the general sense, rather than sexually) widows or orphans. God promises to deal with such crimes himself: “And My wrath shall flare up and I shall kill you by the sword, and your wives shall be widows and your children orphans.”

There are many other things the Lord does not condone, but these are the only ones that stipulate execution: most have no penalty given.


Last modified: Tue Jun 5 21:44:16 2007